Table of Contents – Book II – Comprehending and Decoding the Cosmos

INTRODUCTION 17
PART I 27
CHAPTER 1: The Search For The Identity Of Dark Matter (DM) 35
CHAPTER 2: Additional Approaches To DM Research 37
CHAPTER 3: DM Research Guided By The Three Related Hypotheses 43
CHAPTER 4: SigChar A – DM Proton Energies 45
CHAPTER 5: SigChar B – The Milky Way’s Magnetic Fields 47
CHAPTER 6: SigChar C – Larmor Radius Equation 49
CHAPTER 7: SigChar D – The Milky Way’s DM Halos And Proton Energies 51
CHAPTER 8: SigChar E – Paths Of Protons 53
CHAPTER 9: SigChar F – Proton Streams Creating Magnetic Fields 55
CHAPTER 10: SigChar G – Proton Flux And Kinetic Energy In Halos 57
CHAPTER 11: SigChar H – Proton Relativistic Mass Losses From Synchrotron Radiation
CHAPTER 12: SigChar I – Magnetic Bulges Leading To Increased Synchrotron Radiation From Protons 59
CHAPTER 13: SigChar J – Why DM Halo Protons Enter Their Enclosed Galaxy And Lose Relativistic Mass 61
CHAPTER 14: SigChar K – Protons/Helium Nuclei Collisions With Hydrogen Clouds 63
CHAPTER 15: SigChar L – Linearly Rising Rotation Curves Indicating That Low-Surface Brightness (LSB) Dwarf Galaxy DM Halos Are “Weakly Centrally Concentrated” (That Is, “Hollow”) 65
CHAPTER 16: SigChar M – Explanation For The Two “Knees” And “Ankle” Of The Cosmic Ray Energy Distribution 69
CHAPTER 17: SigChar N – Proton Synchrotron Radiation Losses And Proton Collision Losses Possibly Could Lead To An Accelerating Expansion Of The Universe 71
CHAPTER 18: SigChar O – Radiating DM Halo Protons Become Cosmic Ray Protons 75
CHAPTER 19: SigChar P – Long, Large DM Filaments Creating Galaxy Clusters 77
CHAPTER 20: SigChar Q – Mature Galaxies In A Young Universe 79
CHAPTER 21: SigChar R – Conservation Of Angular Momentum 81
CHAPTER 22: SigChar S – No DM Cusps In The Nuclei Of Spiral Galaxies 83
CHAPTER 23: SigChar T – Explanations For LSB Dwarf Galaxies’ Low Star Formation Rates (SFRs) And For Massive Galaxies’ Very High SFRs 85
CHAPTER 24: SigChar U – The Relativistic Energy Of All The Protons In The Universe May Provide The Energy For An Accelerating Expansion Of The Universe 91
CHAPTER 25: SigChar V – Linking Relativistic DM And Dark Energy 93
CHAPTER 26: SigChar W – How The First-Generation Stars May Have Been Ignited Without Dust Or Molecular Hydrogen 95
CHAPTER 27: SigChar X – How The Later Generations Of New Stars May Have Been Ignited Utilizing Both Dust And Molecular Hydrogen 103
TABLE 1: Recap Of Signature Characteristics A – X Of Galaxy-Orbiting Relativistic Protons 106
CHAPTER 28: Tentative Conclusions, Insights, Explanations, And Possible Astrophysical Discoveries 109
PART II
CHAPTER 29: Cosmic DM Mystery #1 – Spiral Disk Galaxies Have Spherical Dark Matter Halos. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Form Spherical DM Halos Around Spiral Galaxies And DM Halos Around Galaxy Clusters 117
CHAPTER 30: Cosmic DM Mystery #2 – Accelerating Expansion Via Conserving DM Momentum. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Cause Accelerating Expan-sion Of The Universe And Possibly Store Dark Energy 119
CHAPTER 31: Cosmic DM Mystery #3 – Hydrogen Derived From DM Cosmic Ray Protons. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Be Transformed Into Low-Velocity Hydrogen, Protons, Or Proton Cosmic Rays 121
CHAPTER 32: Cosmic DM Mystery #4 – Magnetic Fields Derived From DM Cosmic Ray Protons. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create The Magnetic Fields Within And Around Spiral Galaxies 123
CHAPTER 33: Cosmic DM Mystery #5 – Intersecting DM Filaments Create Galaxy Clusters. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Be Concentrated In The Long, Large Filaments Of DM, Which Form Galaxy Clusters Where The DM Filaments Intersect 125
CHAPTER 34: Cosmic DM Mystery #6 – Mature Galaxies Discovered In The Very Early Universe. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create Large, Mature, Spiral Galaxies Less Than 2.5 Billion Years After The Big Bang 127
CHAPTER 35: Cosmic DM Mystery #7 – Dark Matter Spherical Cored Halos Have “Hollow” Cores. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create Spherical DM Halos Having Predictable Outer And “Hollow” Core Diameters 129
CHAPTER 36: Cosmic DM Mystery #8 – Source Of Spiral Galaxies’/Halos’ Angular Momentum. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Provide Angular Momentum To Spiral Galaxies And Their DM Halos 131
CHAPTER 37: Cosmic DM Mystery #9 – No Central Dark Matter Cusp Found In Spiral Galaxies. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create Galaxies Without A Central DM Density Cusp 133
CHAPTER 38: Cosmic DM Mystery #10 – LSB Dwarf Galaxies Have Low Star Formation Rates. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create A Starless Galaxy Or An LSB Dwarf Galaxy With Low SFRs 135
CHAPTER 39: Cosmic DM Mystery #11 – LSB Galaxies Have Inclining Star Rotation Curves. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Lead To Linearly Rising Rotation Curves For LSB Dwarf Galaxies And To Flat Rotation Curves For Spiral Galaxies 137
CHAPTER 40: Cosmic DM Mystery #12 – Galaxy Hydrogen Is Replenished From Halo Dark Matter. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Form About 80% To 85% Of The Mass Of The Universe, The Remainder Being Hydrogen, Helium, Etc. 141
CHAPTER 41: Cosmic DM Mystery #13 – Dark Matter, Hydrogen, Helium, And Muons Create Stars. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Ignite Hydrogen Fusion Reactions Of First-Generation Stars Using Only Hydrogen And Helium Atoms, And Of Second-Generation Stars Using Hydrogen Molecules, Helium, And Dust As Well 143
CHAPTER 42: Cosmic DM Mystery #14 – Earthbound Cosmic Ray Protons Depart From 4 Locations. Relativistic Proton DM Particles Could Create The First “Knee” At 3×1015 eV, The Second “Knee” Between 1017 eV And 1018 eV, And The Ankle At 3×1018 eV Of The Cosmic Ray Energy Distribution Near The Earth 149
TABLE 2: Recap Of Cosmic DM Mysteries #1 – #14 For Decoding The Cosmos Via DM Relationism And By Solving The Cosmic DM Mysteries 152
CHAPTER 43: Some Tentative Conclusions After The Study Of The First 14 Of The 25 Cosmic DM Mysteries – Dark Matter Relativistic Protons Appear To Be A Much Stronger DM Candidate Than The Cold Dark Matter (CDM) Uncharged WIMPs And Neutralinos, For A Number Of Reasons 153
PART III
CHAPTER 44: Cosmic DM Mystery #15 – Astrophysical Emergence Of Dark Matter Halos, After Eons. Astrophysical Emergence Of DM Halos And Long, Large, DM Filaments Could Place Constraints On The Identity Of DM Particles 157
CHAPTER 45: Cosmic DM Mystery #16 – UHECRs Arrive At Earth From Galaxy Superclusters. Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Protons Arriving At Earth Probably Departed From A Galaxy Supercluster Or A Massive Galaxy Cluster 163
CHAPTER 46: Cosmic DM Mystery #17 – Starburst Galaxies Form Via Merging Galaxy Clusters. The Merging Of Spiral Galaxy Clusters Create Starburst Galaxies That Exhibit Star Formation Rates (SFRs) As Much As 50 Times Higher Than The SFR Of Spiral Galaxies 167
CHAPTER 47: Cosmic DM Mystery #18 – UHECR Protons Via Starburst Galaxies/Merging Galaxies. Spiral Galaxy Clusters, Merging To Form Starburst Galaxies, Were Recently Identified As A source Of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray Protons 173
CHAPTER 48: Cosmic DM Mystery #19 – Blue Stars In Spiral Arms Vs. Red Stars In Galaxy Nucleus. The Spiral Arms Of Spiral Galaxies Contain Many Hot Blue And Blue-White Stars Less Than One Million Years Old, And In The Galaxy Nucleus There Are Red Stars About Five Billion Years Old 177
CHAPTER 49: Cosmic DM Mystery #20 – Magnetic Field, DM Proton Energies Set Galaxy Halo Size. The Only DM Particle Candidate That “Predicts” The Size Of The Milky Way’s DM Halo Is The Relativistic Cosmic Ray Proton Moving In The Extragalactic (Intergalactic) Magnetic Field Having A Strength Of About 1×10-9 Gauss 183
CHAPTER 50: Cosmic DM Mystery #21 – Different Dark Matter For Small Galaxies And For Clusters. Two Different Types Of DM Halo Particles Reported For Smaller Galaxies And For Galaxy Clusters 187
CHAPTER 51: Cosmic DM Mystery #22 – 800 Galaxies Detected, Less Than 1.2 Billion Years Old. Report Of Over 1,000 Clumps Of DM, With Most Harboring Several Newborn Galaxies, 12 Billion Light-Years Away 191
CHAPTER 52: Cosmic DM Mystery #23 – Fine Balance Between Dark And Baryonic Matter In Spirals. “A Fine Balance Between Dark Matter And Baryonic Matter Is Observed In Spiral Galaxies. As The Contribution Of The Baryons To The Total Rotation Velocity Increases, The Contribution Of The Dark Matter Decreases By A Compensating Amount.” 195
CHAPTER 53: Cosmic DM Mystery #24 – Schmidt Law: SFR Vs. Surface Hydrogen Molecular Density. One Of The Mysteries Of Observed Isolated Spiral Galaxies Has Been The Empirical Schmidt Law Correlation Between Star Formation Rate And The Average Molecular Hydrogen Surface Density On Kiloparsec Scales 201
CHAPTER 54: Cosmic DM Mystery #25 – Mass-And-Time-Dependent SFR Graphs For Field Galaxies. The Two-Part Mystery Of Recently Observed Star-Forming Galaxies Is That Large Massive Galaxies Form Stars Early And Rapidly, But Eventually Their SFRs Fall Rapidly, Whereas Small Galaxies Form Stars Slowly Over Longer Time Scales And Their SFRs Decline Slowly Over Longer Time Scales 207
TABLE 3: Recap Of Cosmic DM Mysteries #15 – #25 For Decoding The Cosmos Via DM Relationism And By Solving The Cosmic DM Mysteries 212
CHAPTER 55: Some Conclusions And Considerations 213
CHAPTER 56: Epilogue -The Local Group’s Dwarf Spheroidal Satellite Galaxies Help Define DM 221
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 233
APPENDIX A: The Scientific Community’s Long-Held Objections To Any Proton DM Theory 235
APPENDIX B: Excerpts From “How Dark Matter Created Dark Energy And The Sun” 241
REFERENCES 259
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SUGGESTED SOURCES 265
GLOSSARY 269
INDEX 287
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 295