SILICON VALLEY, June 8, 2010 (AScribe Newswire) — Professor Adi Nusser of the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and Princeton University’s Professor P.J.E. Peebles published an article together in the June 3 issue of the journal Nature entitled, “Nearby galaxies as pointers to a better theory of cosmic evolution.” The Nature editor’s summary of this article reads as follows:

“The relativistic Big Bang theory of cosmic evolution gives a good description of our expanding Universe on the grand scale. But closer to home, where we can observe galactic properties in detail, its predictions go awry. For instance, some of the largest galaxies in our neighbourhood are found in less crowded regions, contrary to standard-model predictions. And the region known as the Local Void contains many fewer galaxies than expected. The observations of nearby galaxies are more understandable if it is assumed that matter forms more rapidly into galaxies and clusters than current theory allows. Jim Peebles and Adi Nusser outline recent efforts by cosmologists to adapt fundamental theory to let new physics operate on the scale of galaxies, yet preserve the properties of the present model on cosmological scales.”

Bell Labs-trained applied physicist and astro-cosmologist Jerome Drexler published a 19-page scientific paper on April 22, 2005 that also addressed the discovery of mature galaxies in the young universe. It is entitled “Identifying Dark Matter Through the Constraints Imposed by Fourteen Astronomically Based ‘Cosmic Constituents.’” This 2005 Drexler paper, which is not included as a reference in the Peebles-Musser 2010 article, can be found in the physics arXiv as astro-ph/0504512. This scientific paper has formed the basis of Drexler’s dark matter cosmology, also known as Drexler’s postmodern cosmology.

The following three paragraphs from this April 2005 scientific paper not only address the same fast-galaxy-growth mystery reported by the 2010 Peebles-Musser Nature article, but Drexler also offers a plausible fast-galaxy-formation model that provides a solution to the mystery.

A relevant paragraph from page 9 of his 2005 paper reads, “Mature galaxies in a young Universe. The recent discovery of the existence of mature galaxies only about 2.5 billion years after the Big Bang (and confirmed by the Carnegie Observatories on March 10, 2005) can be explained using the relativistic proton dark matter theory that involves fast protons that slow down over time due to synchrotron radiation losses, but raises questions about the cold dark matter bottom-up theory of galaxy formation which involves only slow-moving particles. The referenced articles in the July 2004 issue of Nature are entitled, ‘A high abundance of massive galaxies 3-6 billion years after the Big Bang’ and ‘Old galaxies in the young Universe.’ The Carnegie Observatories had announced in a news release on March 10, 2005 that ‘Astronomers have found distant red galaxies “very massive and old” in the universe when it was only 2.5 billion years post Big Bang.’”

A relevant paragraph from page 8 of the 2005 paper reads: “Long, Large Dark Matter Filaments Creating Galaxy Clusters. The September 8-9, 2004 news releases from NASA/Harvard entitled, ‘Motions in nearby galaxy cluster reveal presence of hidden superstructure’ regarding Chandra x-ray images of the Fornax cluster states: ‘Astronomers think that most of the matter in the universe is concentrated in long large filaments of dark matter and that galaxy clusters are formed where these filaments intersect.’ It should be noted that such a filamentary dark matter structure could be a slightly curved portion of a dark matter halo around or within some galaxy supercluster. This relatively new top-down theory of galaxy cluster formation is compatible with the relativistic proton dark matter theory as described in the author’s book published in December 2003. (Prior to September 8, 2004, the standard theory of cold dark matter galaxy formation was based upon the bottom-up hierarchical model wherein small galaxies form first and then gravitationally move together over time to form larger galaxies and galaxy clusters.)”

A relevant paragraph from page 13 of the 2005 paper reads: “Relativistic-proton dark matter particles could be concentrated in the long large curved filaments of dark matter (announced by NASA 9/8/04), which form galaxy clusters where the dark matter filaments intersect. See SigChar P, W and X. Some relativistic dark matter protons are concentrated in curved long, large dark matter filaments owing to the high relativistic velocities of the protons and to the weak extragalactic magnetic fields created by the astrophysical dynamo effect. The author believes that the dark matter filaments may be slightly curved portions of supercluster halos of dark matter protons, the widths of which are confined electrostatically by the presence, within the filaments, of proton-produced muons and electrons (muons decay into electrons, etc). Further, the crashing of intersecting dark matter filaments could lead to debris of relativistic protons at various energies and electrons from muon decay and slower moving hydrogen, helium and protons — all the necessary ingredients to form galaxy clusters, galaxies and stars.”

Drexler’s top-down theory of galaxy formation is defined as: The theory that long, large, dark matter filaments of the Cosmic Web form galaxy clusters where the dark matter filaments intersect/collide and then galaxies form from the remnants of these collisions. In Drexler’s dark matter, also known as relativistic-proton dark matter and relativistic-baryon dark matter, the ratio of relativistic protons to relativistic helium nuclei ranges between 10:1 and 12:1.The dark matter particle streams form spheroidal halos around individual galaxies, orbit groups of galaxies within galaxy clusters, and form large long filaments of dark matter that comprise the Cosmic Web.

There have been at least four scientific papers or articles published within the past 18 months that appear to support Drexler’s top-down theory of galaxy formation, which does not rely upon hierarchical galaxy mergers. In chronological order the four papers/articles are:

1. An October 23, 2008 article in the journal Nature, authored by Professor Michael J. Disney of UK’s Cardiff University and five associates, is entitled, “Galaxies appear simpler than expected.” From Professor Disney’s abstract: “Here we report that a sample of [200] galaxies that were first detected through their neutral hydrogen radio-frequency emission, and are thus free from optical selection effects shows five independent correlations among six independent observables, despite having a wide range of properties. This implies that the structure of these galaxies must be controlled by a single parameter, although we cannot identify this parameter from our data set. Such a degree of organization appears to be at odds with hierarchical galaxy formation, a central tenet of the cold dark matter model in cosmology.”
2. Professor Avishai Dekel of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, with nine associates, comes to the same general conclusion as Disney via a d ifferent set of data and different arguments in a Nature article dated January 22, 2009. It is entitled, “Cold streams in early massive hot haloes as the main mode of galaxy formation.” A January 25, 2009 news release from The Hebrew University contains this paragraph: “The new theory, motivated by advanced astronomical observations and based on state-of-the-art computer simulations, maintains that the galaxies primarily formed as a result of intensive cosmic streams of cold gas (mostly hydrogen) and not, as the current theory contends, due primarily to galactic mergers. The researchers show that these mergers had only limited influence on the cosmological makeup of the universe as we know it.”
3. Cheng-Jiun Ma, Harald Ebeling, and Elizabeth Barrett at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Hawaii published a scientific paper in the Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJ 693, L56-L60), which reports, “we also find tantalizing, if circumstantial, evidence for direct, large-scale heating of the ICM [intracluster medium] by contiguous infall of low-density [hydrogen] gas from the [dark matter] filament.” Their paper entitled, “An X-ray/Optical Study of the Complex Dynamics of the Core of the Massive Intermediate-Redshift Cluster MACSJ0717.5+3745,” was published on March 10, 2009.New Scientist published a May 4, 2009 article about this scientific paper entitled, “Dark matter ‘highway’ funnels gas into galactic pileup,” which provides very useful information that is quoted as follows: “and researchers say as much as 40 percent of all dark matter in the universe may lie in the filaments.” “Now, he [Harald Ebeling] and a team led by Cheng-Jiun Ma say they see hints of [hydrogen] gas in a [dark matter] filament that appears to be funneling galaxies into a galaxy cluster already crammed with them.” In response to these intriguing observations,”The team has submitted a proposal to observe the [galaxy] cluster again — for a longer period — with the Chandra X-ray Observatory.” “They also hope to see [hydrogen] gas within the [dark matter] filament that lies farther away from where the filament connects with the cluster. ‘Right now, we’re only just barely seeing (filament gas) where it hits the cluster,’ he [Ebeling] says.”
4. An article in the journal Nature entitled, “Early assembly of the most massive galaxies,” published April 2, 2009, reports that astronomers’ discovery of massive galaxies fully developed five billion years after the big bang raises serious questions about the widely accepted galaxy formation models. In these theoretical models, large galaxies grow through mergers with smaller galaxies, which is a much slower process than the rapid growth rate actually observed by astronomers. Thus, there must be some other undiscovered galaxy growth mechanism at work, they say.

Thus, the 18 researchers headed by Chris A. Collins of the UK’s Liverpool John Moores University may have made a significant discovery confirming Drexler’s top-down theory of galaxy formation, says Drexler. This April 2 Nature article led to an April 25 article in ScienceNews entitled, “Heavyweight Galaxies In The Young Universe – Newfound massive galaxies may force theorists to revisit formation model” and an April 7 article in New Scientist titled, “Overweight galaxies force-fed by dark matter tendrils.” What factors might have caused the rapid growth rate of massive galaxies during their first five billion years, other than through hierarchical galaxy mergers? The factors that we would be addressing would fall into the category of the top-down theory of galaxy formation since the alternative bottom-up theory of galaxy formation is limited to the hierarchical galaxy merger process, says Drexler.

The above-mentioned four articles and papers, supporting Drexler’s dark matter cosmology, are discussed in Chapters 6, 11, and 14 of Drexler’s paperback book entitled “Our Universe via Drexler Dark Matter,” published October 30, 2009.

Drexler has documented his eight years of dark matter/dark energy research, its timeline, its interaction with mainstream cosmology, and the overwhelming evidence that relativistic-proton dark matter and relativistic-baryon dark matter represent the principal constituents of the dark matter of the universe in the following seven publications.

(1) Paperback book, October 30, 2009, “Our Universe via Drexler Dark Matter: Drexler Dark Matter Created and Explains Dark Energy, Top-Down Cosmology, Inflation, Accelerating Cosmos, Stars, Galaxies, Cosmic Web.”

(2) Scientific Web site updated May 11, 2010, entitled, “Discovering Dark Matter Cosmology” at: http://www.jeromedrexler.org/

(3) Paperback book, March 1, 2008, “Discovering Postmodern Cosmology: Discoveries in Dark Matter, Cosmic Web, Big Bang, Inflation, Cosmic Rays, Dark Energy, Accelerating Cosmos.”

(4) Scientific paper, physics/0702132, Feb. 15 2007, “A Relativistic-Proton Dark Matter Would Be Evidence the Big Bang Probably Satisfied the Second Law of Thermodynamics.”

(5) Paperback book, May 22, 2006, “Comprehending and Decoding the Cosmos: Discovering Solutions to Over a Dozen Cosmic Mysteries by Utilizing Dark Matter Relationism, Cosmology, and Astrophysics.”

(6) Scientific paper, astro-ph/0504512, April 22, 2005, “Identifying Dark Matter through the Constraints Imposed by Fourteen Astronomically Based ‘Cosmic Constituents.’”

(7) Paperback book, Dec. 15, 2003, “How Dark Matter Created Dark Energy and the Sun: An Astrophysics Detective Story.”

ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS: Jerome Drexler is a former member of the technical staff and group supervisor at Bell Labs, former research professor in physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology, founder and former Chairman and chief scientist of LaserCard Corp. (Nasdaq: LCRD). He has been awarded 76 U.S. patents, honorary Doctor of Science degrees from NJIT and Upsala College, a degree of Honorary Fellow of the Technion, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship at Stanford University, a three-year Bell Labs graduate study fellowship, the 1990 “Inventor of the Year Award” for Silicon Valley and recognition as the original inventor in 1978 of the now widely-used digital optical disk “Laser Optical Storage System” and the LaserCard® nanotech data memory. He is a member of the Board of Overseers of New Jersey Institute of Technology and an Honorary Life Member of the Technion Board of Governors.