SILICON VALLEY, June 22, 2010 (AScribe Newswire) — A new book by Richard Panek entitled, “The 4-Percent Universe,” marketed on Amazon.com, explains the significance of discovering the true nature of “dark energy” and its role in the accelerating expansion of the universe, as follows (quoted from Amazon.com):

“Over the past few decades, a handful of scientists have been racing to explain a disturbing aspect of our universe: only 4 percent of it consists of the matter that makes up you, me, our books, and every star and planet. The rest is completely unknown.”

“Richard Panek tells the dramatic story of the quest to find this ‘dark’ matter and an even more bizarre substance called dark energy. This is perhaps the greatest mystery in all of science, and solving it will bring fame, funding, and certainly a Nobel Prize … “

An explanation for “dark energy” and for the accelerating expansion of the universe, discovered in 1998, begins in 1916 when Albert Einstein announced his General Theory of Relativity. This was followed by the publication in 1922 of solutions to Einstein’s General Relativity equation by a Russian mathematician Alexsandr Friedmann. Friedmann’s key insight was that there was no unique solution to Einstein’s equations, rather there was a whole family of solutions possible. This family of solutions thus allowed for different cosmological models for different model universes. Following the 1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe, physicists searching for an explanation ignored some of Friedmann’s astronomical assumptions and adopted a Friedmann solution as the explanation. Let us consider whether that was justified.

Friedmann’s five assumptions about the nature of his model universes were that they had the following characteristics or were (1) homogeneous (the same everywhere on a large enough scale), (2) isotropic (look the same in every direction), (3) essentially all of their matter particles are moving slowly, (4) the only force the matter particles experience is gravitation (negligible numbers of electrically charged particles), and (5) they (the model universes) should exhibit homogeneous expansion rates whether as to the entire model universe or to its component parts.

Note that electrically charged particles create forces upon one another several dozen orders of magnitude greater than gravitation-based forces. Thus if non-negligible electrically charged matter is present, it could completely overwhelm the weak gravitational forces inherent in General Relativity.

Based upon these five assumptions, Friedmann found exact solutions to the General Relativity equation and published them before his 1925 death. The 1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe startled physicists who had no explanation for it. Since it was a big mystery they named it “dark energy.” Since Friedmann’s solutions to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity related to an expanding universe, the physicists decided to adopt a Friedmann universe-expansion solution for the explanation of the 1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe.

But astronomers have looked back in time with their telescopes and have seen that the sizes of galaxies and galaxy clusters have exhibited only a negligible or minimal expansion during the past five billion years compared to the percentage expansion of the distances between galaxy clusters during that time period. This indicates a non-homogeneous expansion rate within our universe that is not compatible with Friedmann’s assumption requiring an homogeneous expansion rate for model universes and their component parts. Thus, we must conclude that Friedmann’s universe-expansion solution does not apply to our universe.

Beginning in 2002, Bell Labs-trained applied physicist Jerome Drexler utilized this same astronomical set of non-homogeneous-expansion-rate data in conjunction with his dark matter cosmology to find a compatible explanation for the accelerating expansion of our universe. The compatible explanation he discovered did not use either Friedmann’s solutions or the General Theory of Relativity. The successful results from his endeavor are reported in Chapter 21 of Drexler’s March 2008 paperback book entitled “Discovering Postmodern Cosmology” and in Chapter F of his October 2009 paperback book “Our Universe via Drexler Dark Matter.” (One or both of these books can be found in over 50 university and professional libraries, worldwide. WorldCat lists twenty of these libraries plus the Library of Congress.)

Drexler’s compatible explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe begins with Hubble’s law. In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced the Hubble law that describes the observation in physical cosmology that the velocity at which various galaxy clusters are receding from Earth is proportional to their distance from Earth. Then the acceleration of the separation velocities of these galaxy clusters comes about through a phenomenon known as synchrotron emission of photons from the relativistic dark matter protons/baryons orbiting groups of galaxies within the galaxy clusters.

The Chapters 21 and F mentioned above explain that if the dark matter of the universe is comprised of relativistic protons/baryons racing through magnetic fields and around groups of galaxies in galaxy clusters, they will radiate high power levels of synchrotron emission photons, thereby reducing the relativistic mass of the galaxy clusters’ dark matter. By this means the relativistic mass of every galaxy cluster in the universe would be declining, thereby lowering the gravitational attractive forces between them. These declining cluster-to-cluster attractive forces would then lead to the accelerating separation of all the galaxy clusters and thereby to an accelerating expansion of the universe.

Calculations indicate that synchrotron emission from the Milky Way’s dark matter halo has a broad peak in the infrared, while synchrotron emission from the higher energy relativistic dark matter protons/baryons orbiting groups of galaxies in galaxy clusters has a broad peak in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or in the soft X-ray region. Synchrotron emission power from a particle is proportional to the particle’s energy squared.

Is the dark matter of the universe actually comprised of relativistic protons/baryons? Consider the five cosmologic explanations published in Drexler’s October 2009 dark matter cosmology book (Chapters C, F, G, H, and J mentioned below refer to Jerome Drexler’s October 2009 paperback book entitled “Our Universe via Drexler Dark Matter.”):

The only plausible explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe, published to date, requires that the dark matter of the universe be comprised of relativistic protons/baryons (see Chapter F).

The only plausible explanation for the Big Bang satisfying the Second Law of Thermodynamics, published to date, requires that dark matter be comprised of relativistic protons/baryons (see Chapter C).

The only published plausible explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic ray protons with energies above 60 EeV bombarding Earth’s atmosphere requires that dark matter be comprised of ultra-high-energy relativistic protons/baryons (see Chapters G and H).

The only published plausible explanation for Cosmic Inflation requires that dark matter be comprised of ultra-high-energy relativistic protons/baryons (see Chapter H).

The only published plausible explanation for the Cosmic Web requires that dark matter be comprised of relativistic protons/baryons (see Chapter J).

If these five explanations are indeed plausible, it is highly probable that the dark matter of the universe is comprised of a combination of ultra-high-energy relativistic protons/baryons and relativistic protons/baryons.

With all of this evidence supporting relativistic-proton or relativistic-baryon dark matter, let us return briefly to the Friedmann universe-expansion solution to Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. Note that Friedmann’s solution is based upon five assumptions, which includes the following two: that particle matter in the universe is not electrically charged and also that particle matter is slow moving. However, Drexler’s eight years of cosmologic research leads to the conclusion that dark matter representing 83 percent of the mass of our universe is actually comprised of electrically charged protons and helium nuclei moving at relativistic velocities. Thus, our universe appears to violate two more of Friedmann’s five assumptions, which raises more questions as to whether Friedmann’s universe-expansion solutions are applicable to our universe.

Drexler has documented his eight years of dark matter/dark energy research, its timeline, its interaction with mainstream cosmology, and the overwhelming evidence that relativistic-proton dark matter and relativistic-baryon dark matter represent the principal constituents of the dark matter of the universe in the following seven publications:

(1) Paperback book, October 30, 2009, “Our Universe via Drexler Dark Matter: Drexler Dark Matter Created and Explains Dark Energy, Top-Down Cosmology, Inflation, Accelerating Cosmos, Stars, Galaxies, Cosmic Web.”

(2) Scientific Web site updated June 8, 2010, entitled, “Discovering Dark Matter Cosmology” at: http://www.jeromedrexler.org/

(3) Paperback book, March 1, 2008, “Discovering Postmodern Cosmology: Discoveries in Dark Matter, Cosmic Web, Big Bang, Inflation, Cosmic Rays, Dark Energy, Accelerating Cosmos.”

(4) Scientific paper, physics/0702132, Feb. 15 2007, “A Relativistic-Proton Dark Matter Would Be Evidence the Big Bang Probably Satisfied the Second Law of Thermodynamics.”

(5) Paperback book, May 22, 2006, “Comprehending and Decoding the Cosmos: Discovering Solutions to Over a Dozen Cosmic Mysteries by Utilizing Dark Matter Relationism, Cosmology, and Astrophysics.”

(6) Scientific paper, astro-ph/0504512, April 22, 2005, “Identifying Dark Matter through the Constraints Imposed by Fourteen Astronomically Based ‘Cosmic Constituents.’”

(7) Paperback book, Dec. 15, 2003, “How Dark Matter Created Dark Energy and the Sun: An Astrophysics Detective Story.”

ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS: Jerome Drexler is a former member of the technical staff and group supervisor at Bell Labs, former research professor in physics at New Jersey Institute of Technology, founder and former Chairman and chief scientist of LaserCard Corp. (Nasdaq: LCRD). He has been awarded 76 U.S. patents, honorary Doctor of Science degrees from NJIT and Upsala College, a degree of Honorary Fellow of the Technion, an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship at Stanford University, a three-year Bell Labs graduate study fellowship, the 1990 “Inventor of the Year Award” for Silicon Valley and recognition as the original inventor in 1978 of the now widely-used digital optical disk “Laser Optical Storage System” and the LaserCard(R) nanotech data memory. He is a member of the Board of Overseers of New Jersey Institute of Technology and an Honorary Life Member of the Technion Board of Governors.